HOW SUPERCHARGERS WORK

Supercharger is the device that compresses the air intake above
 the normal atmospheric pressure.Both turbochargers and superchargers 
compress air.                                                                                                                                      Difference between these two devices is source
 of their energy.

An ordinary four-stroke engine dedicates one stroke to the process of air intake. There are three steps in this process:

1. The piston moves down.
2. This creates a vacuum.
3. Air at atmospheric pressure is sucked into the combustion chamber.

Once air is drawn into the engine, it must be combined with fuel to form the charge -- a packet of potential energy that can be turned into useful kinetic energy through a chemical reaction known as combustion. The spark plug initiates this chemical reaction by igniting the charge. As the fuel undergoes oxidation, a great deal of energy is released. The force of this explosion, concentrated above the cylinder head, drives the piston down and creates a reciprocating motion that is eventually transferred to the wheels.

Getting more fuel into the charge would make for a more powerful explosion. But you can't simply pump more fuel into the engine because an exact amount of oxygen is required to burn a given amount of fuel. This chemically correct mixture -- 14 parts air to one part fuel -- is essential for an engine to operate efficiently. The bottom line: To put in more fuel, you have to put in more air.

That's the job of the supercharger. Superchargers increase intake by compressing air above atmospheric pressure, without creating a vacuum. This forces more air into the engine, providing a "boost." With the additional air in the boost, more fuel can be added to the charge, and the power of the engine is increased. Supercharging adds an average of 46 percent more horsepower and 31 percent more torque. In high-altitude situations, where engine performance deteriorates because the air has low density and pressure, a supercharger delivers higher-pressure air to the engine so it can operate optimally.

Unlike turbochargers, which use the exhaust gases created by combustion to power the compressor, superchargers draw their power directly from the crankshaft. Most are driven by an accessory belt, which wraps around a pulley that is connected to a drive gear. The drive gear, in turn, rotates the compressor gear. The rotor of the compressor can come in various designs, but its job is to draw air in, squeeze the air into a smaller space and discharge it into the intake manifold.

ProCharger D1SC centrifugal supercharger

To pressurize the air, a supercharger must spin rapidly -- more rapidly than the engine itself. Making the drive gear larger than the compressor gear causes the compressor to spin faster. Superchargers can spin at speeds as high as 50,000 to 65,000 rotations per minute (RPM).

A compressor spinning at 50,000 RPM translates to a boost of about six to nine pounds per square inch (psi). That's six to nine additional psi over the atmospheric pressure at a particular elevation. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi, so a typical boost from a supercharger places about 50 percent more air into the engine.

As the air is compressed, it gets hotter, which means that it loses its density and can not expand as much during the explosion. This means that it can't create as much power when it's ignited by the spark plug. For a supercharger to work at peak efficiency, the compressed air exiting the discharge unit must be cooled before it enters the intake manifold. The intercooler is responsible for this cooling process. Intercoolers come in two basic designs: air-to-air intercoolers and air-to-water intercoolers. Both work just like a radiator, with cooler air or water sent through a system of pipes or tubes. As the hot air exiting the supercharger encounters the cooler pipes, it also cools down. The reduction in air temperature increases the density of the air, which makes for a denser charge entering the combustion chamber.

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CAR FACTS

FACTS ABOUT CARS YOU NEVER HEARD
#! THERE ARE OVER ONE BILLION CARS IN USE IN EVERY WORLD.
#2 EVERY DAY APPROX 166000 CARS ARE PRODUCED.
#3 IF WE DRIVE CAR AT 60 MPH CAR WILL TAKE SIX MONTHS TO REACH ON MOON.
#4 WHEN HITLER WAS IN JAIL,HE WROTE LETTER TO MERCEDES DEALERSHIP BEGGING FOR CAR LOAN.
#5 THE AVERAGE CAR HAS 30000 PARTS.
#6 IN BRAZIL, 92% OF NEW CARS USED SUGAR CANE AS FUEL.
#7 FOR FOUR YEARS FORD FIESTA IS TOPMOST SELLING CAR IN UK.

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HOW TURBOCHARGER WORKS

When people thinks race cars or superior sports cars,
 the subject of turbochargers typically comes up.

 Turbochargers additionally seem on giant diesel
 engines. A turbo will considerably boost AN 
engine's HP while not considerably increasing
 its weight, that is that the large profit that creates
 turbos thus popular!
In this article, we'll learn the way a turbocharger 
will increase the facility output of AN engine whereas
 living extreme in operation conditions. We'll additionally
learn the way waste gates, ceramic rotary engine blades
 and ball bearings help turbochargers do their job even 
higher. Turbochargers area unit a sort of forced induction
 system. They compress the air flowing into the engine . 
The advantage of compressing the air is that it lets the engine squeeze additional air into a cylinder, and additional air means additional fuel will be else. Therefore, you get additional power from every explosion in every cylinder. A turbocharged engine produces additional power overall than an equivalent engine while not the charging. this could considerably improve the power-to-weight quantitative relation for the engine (see however HP Works for details).
In order to realise this boost, the turbocharger uses the exhaust result the engine to spin a rotary engine, that successively spins AN pump. The rotary engine in the turbocharger spins at speeds of up to one hundred 50000 rotations per minute (rpm) -- that is regarding thirty times quicker than most automobile engines will go. And since it's connected to the exhaust, the temperatures within the rotary engine also are terribly high.

One of the surest ways that to get additional power out of associate engine is to extend the quantity of air and fuel that it will burn. a method to try and do this can be to feature cylinders or build the present cylinders larger. typically these changes might not be possible -- a turbo are often a less complicated, additional compact thanks to add power, particularly for associate aftermarket accessory.

Turbochargers permit AN engine to burn additional fuel and air by packing additional into the present cylinders. the everyday boost provided by a turbocharger is half-dozen to eight pounds per sq in (psi). Since traditional air pressure is fourteen.7 psi at sea level, you'll be able to see that you simply have gotten regarding fifty % additional air into the engine. Therefore, you'd expect to get fifty % additional power. it isn't absolutely economical, therefore you would possibly get a 30- to 40-percent improvement instead.

One reason behind the unskillfulness comes from the very fact that the ability to spin the rotary engine isn't free. Having a rotary engine within the exhaust flow will increase the restriction within the exhaust. this suggests that on the exhaust stroke, the engine needs to push against a better back-pressure. This subtracts to a small degree little bit of power from the cylinders that area unit firing at an equivalent time.­

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TOP 5 EXPENSIVE CARS

#1 LAMBORGHINI VENONO ROADSTER

Manufacturer Origin-Italy
Engine-6.5 liter V12 750- horsepower
Accerlation- 0 - 100kph in 2.91 seconds
Starting Price-$4500000
Transmission-Dual clutch 7 speeds gearbox
Top Speed-221Mph
Lamborghini will manufacture only 9 copies of this model.

#2 BUGATTI VEYRON 16.4 GRAND SPORT VITESSEManufacturer origin-France  Engine-V16 8Liter 1200hpAccerlation-0 -100kph in just 2.6 secondsPrice-#2.5 million Top Speed-256mph Bugatti tells that grand sport is fastest car in the world.

BUGATTI INTERIOR

#3 KOENIGSEGG AGERA S

Manufacturer Origin-Sweden

Engine-V8 Dual Turbo,5.0 liter,1030 hp

Accerlation-0-100 -2.9 seconds

Top Speed-188mph

Price-$1.52 million

#4 HENNESSEY VENOM GT

Country of origin-England

Engine-7.0 liter 1244 hp twin turbo V8

Accerlation-0-100kph 2.7 seconds

Price-1.2 Million

On January 21, 2013, the Venom GT made an average 0–300 kilometres per hour acceleration time of 13.63 seconds. Moreover, the car made an  record for 0–200 mph (0–322 km/h) acceleration at 14.51 seconds, wipe out the Koenigsegg Agera R's time of 14.53 seconds, made it the unofficial fastest accelerating car in the world.

#5 PORCHE 918 SPYDER

Country of origin-Germany

Engine-V8 with Dual Electric motor,887 hp,5.0 Liter

Accerlation-0-100 2.5 seconds

Price-$845000

The Porche 918 Spyder is a limited edition supercar, and they plans to build 918 units as a 2014 model year. 

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DIFFERENT WAYS TO INCREASE HP

#1 ENOUGH AIR INTAKE
 The idea is that cold/fresh air is highly dense, so more air goes into the cylinders to mix with the fuel. Enough air means more combustion,and more combustion means high power, to the tune of a realistic 5- to 7-horsepower in an engine. It only works if the air intake is the limiting factor, however. If car engine is already sucking in big breaths of cool and fresh air, then try one of the other tricks on this list

.#2 HIGHLY FLOW CATALYST

When automobiles were first required to have catalytic converters, companies 
rushed to slap them into place. They did not do ones performance any favour's, although they did help the easy breathe of car. Manufactures took decades for
 catalyst to improve, with even cars from the 80s and 90s getting gummed up 
in the converters.  Okay, you were lucky if you could make it up a hill. Do this:
Swap out an old catalyst  for a modern aftermarket high-flow number and feel the difference in the acceleration. Do this along with a cat-back exhaust for the
 biggest bang for your buck.It is illegal to remove the catalyst that's not broken 
-- and there are some heavy fines for punishment. Don`t, under any circumstances
, drill a hole into your catalytic converter with the wrench.

#3 CHANGE TIRES

   By using set of carbon fiber wheels you may reduce the loads and your performance     will be improved

  #4 REFLASH YOUR CAR COMPUTER

  Reflashing is only possible if supercharger or turbocharger is installed on your
 car.

 The profit of the reflash, besides the more power, is that it can be undone if
 you need warranty work done or have to have your vehicle inspected by the  environmental department of state.  Reflashing a common aspirated engine will
 only get you a few  horsepower.But installing supercharger or turbocharger is very costly

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HOW CAR STEERING WORKS

 you know that after you flip the handwheel in your automobile, the wheels flip. Cause and impact, right? however lots of attention-grabbing stuff goes on between the handwheel and therefore the tires to form this happen.

In this article, we\'ll see how the 2 commonest forms of c­ar steering systems work: rack-and-pinion and recirculating-ball steering. Then we\'ll examine steering system and verify regarding some interesting future developments in steering systems, driven principally by the requirement to extend the fuel efficiency of cars. But first, let\'s have a look at what you have got to try and do flip a automobile. it isn\'t quite as easy as you may think!
Turning the automobile
You might be shocked to be told that after you flip your automobile, your front wheels don\'t seem to be pointing within the same direction.
For a automobile to show smoothly, every wheel should follow a distinct circle. Since the within wheel is following a circle with a smaller radius, it\'s really creating a tighter flip than the surface wheel. If you draw a line perpendicular to every wheel, the lines can cross at the middle purpose of the flip. The pure mathematics of the mechanism makes the inside wheel flip quite the outside wheel.

Power-assisted steering

On an important automobile, either the steering is significant or it\'s inconveniently low geared  - the handwheel requiring several turns from lock to lock.
Heavy gearing is hard when parking in confined areas. power steering overcomes the matter. The engine drives a pump that provides oil underneath high to the rack or the steering box.
Valves within the steering rack or box open whenever the driving force turns the wheel, permitting oil into the cylinder. The oil works a piston that helps to push the steering within the applicable direction.
As shortly because the driver stops turning the wheel, the valve shuts and therefore the pushing action of the piston stops.
The power solely assists the steering - the handwheel remains connected to the road wheels within the usual means.
So if the ability fails, the driving force will still steer however the steering becomes a lot of heavier.

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AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION/GEARBOX

If you have ever driven the car with an automatic transmission, then you would know that there are two big differences between an automatic transmission and a manual transmission, the automatic transmission's primary work is to allow the engine to operate in it`s narrow range of speeds while providing a wide range of output speeds.
Without the transmission, cars will be limited to only one gear ratio, and that ratio would have to be selected to allow the car to travel at the desired full speed. If you wanted the top speed of 130 kph, then the gear ratio would be similar to 3rd gear in almost every manual transmission cars.
You have probably never tried driving a manual transmission car using only third gear. If you did, you would quickly find out that you had almost no acceleration when starting out, and at high speeds, the engine would be screaming along near the red-line. A car like this would wear out very quickly and would be nearly undriveable.
So the transmission uses gears to make more effective use of the engine's torque, and to keep the engine operating at an appropriate speed. When towing and hauling heavy objects, your vehicle's transmission can get very hot enough to burn up the transmission fluid. In order to save the transmission from serious damage, drivers who tow should buy vehicles equipped with transmission coolers.
The key difference between the manual and an automatic transmission is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of the different gear ratios. The planetary gearset is the device that makes this possible in an automatic transmission. the sun gear is locked and the planets driven by the planet carrier, the output is taken from the ring gear, achieving a speed increase.If the ring gear is locked and the sun gear is driven, the planet gears transmit drive through the planet carrier and speed is reduced.
With power input going to the
 sun

gear and with the planet carrier
 locked, the ring gear is driven, 
but transmits drive in reverse.
To achieve direct drive without 
change of speed or direction of
 rotation, the sun is locked to the
 ring gear and the whole unit turns
 as one.
The same effect can also be achieved by locking the planet gears to the planet carrier.Most automatic gearboxes have three forward speeds, and use two sets of epicyclic gears.
The locking sequences of the epicyclic gear train are achieved by hydraulic pressure operating brake bands or multi-plate clutches.
The bands are tightened round the ring gear to prevent it turning, and the clutches are used to lock the sun gear and planets.
The correct sequence of pressure build-up and release is controlled by a complex arrangement of hydraulic valves in conjunction with sensors that respond to engine load, road speed and throttle opening.
A mechanism linked to the throttle - known as a kickdown - is used to effect a change-down for rapid acceleration. When you press down the accelerator suddenly to its full extent, a lower gear is selected almost instantly.
Most automatic gearboxes have an override system so that the driver can hold a low gear as required.

AUDI AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

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BRAKING SYSTEM OF CAR

Modern cars have brake on all four wheels, operated by a hydraulic system. The brakes may be disc type or drum type.

Brake hydraulics

A hydraulic brake circuit has fluid-filled master and slave cylinders connected by pipes.

When you push the brake pedal it depresses a piston in the master cylinder, forcing fluid along the pipe.

The fluid travels to slave cylinders at each wheel and fills them, forcing pistons out to apply the brakes.

Fluid pressure distributes itself evenly around the system.

The combined surface 'pushing' area of all the slave pistons is much greater than that of the piston in the master cylinder.

Consequently, the master piston has to travel several inches to move the slave pistons the fraction of an inch it takes to apply the brakes.

Power-assisted brakes

Many cars also have power assistance to reduce the effort needed to apply the brakes.

Usually the source of power is the pressure difference between the partial vacuum in the inlet manifold and the outside air.

DISC BRAKE

The basic type of disc brake, with a single pair of pistons. There may be more than one pair, or a single piston operating both pads, like a scissor mechanism, through different types of calipers - a swinging or a sliding caliper.

The servo unit that provides the assistance has a pipe connection to the inlet manifold.

A direct-acting servo is fitted between the brake pedal and the master cylinder. The brake pedal pushes a rod that in turn pushes the master-cylinder piston.

But the brake pedal also works on a set of air valves, and there is a large rubber diaphragm connected to the master-cylinder piston.

When the brakes are off, both sides of the diaphragm are exposed to the vacuum from the manifold.

Pressing the brake pedal closes the valve linking the rear side of the diaphragm to the manifold, and opens a valve that lets in air from outside.

The higher pressure of the outside air forces the diaphragm forward to push on the master-cylinder piston, and thereby assists the braking effort.

If the pedal is then held, and pressed no further, the air valve admits no more air from outside, so the pressure on the brakes remains the same.

When the pedal is released, the space behind the diaphragm is reopened to the manifold, so the pressure drops and the diaphragm falls back.

If the vacuum fails because the engine stops, for example the brakes still work because there is a normal mechanical link between the pedal and the master cylinder. But much more force must be exerted on the brake pedal to apply them.

Some cars have an indirect-acting servo fitted in the hydraulic lines between the master cylinder and the brakes. Such a unit can be mounted anywhere in the engine compartment instead of having to be directly in front of the pedal.

It, too, relies on manifold vacuum to provide the boost. Pressing the brake pedal causes hydraulic pressure build up from the master cylinder, a valve opens and that triggers the vacuum servo.

THE HANDBRAKE MECHANISM

The handbrake acts on the shoes by means of a mechanical system, separate from the hydraulic cylinder, consisting of a lever and arm in the brake drum; they are operated by a cable from the handbrake lever inside the car.

Disc brakes

A disc brake has a disc that turns with the wheel. The disc is straddled by a caliper, in which there are small hydraulic pistons worked by pressure from the master cylinder.

The pistons press on friction pads that clamp against the disc from each side to slow or stop it. The pads are shaped to cover a broad sector of the disc.

There may be more than a single pair of pistons, especially in dual-circuit brakes.

The pistons move only a tiny distance to apply the brakes, and the pads barely clear the disc when the brakes are released. They have no return springs.

Rubber sealing rings round the pistons are designed to let the pistons slip forward gradually as the pads wear down, so that the tiny gap remains constant and the brakes do not need adjustment.

Many later cars have wear sensors leads embedded in the pads. When the pads are nearly worn out, the leads are exposed and short-circuited by the metal disc, illuminating a warning light on the instrument panel.

Drum brakes

A drum brake has a hollow drum that turns with the wheel. Its open back is covered by a stationary backplate on which there are two curved shoes carrying friction linings.

The shoes are forced outwards by hydraulic pressure moving pistons in the brake's wheel cylinders, so pressing the linings against the inside of the drum to slow or stop it.

Each brake shoe has a pivot at one end and a piston at the other. A leading shoe has the piston at the leading edge relative to the direction in which the drum turns.

DRUM BRAKE

A drum brake with a leading and trailing shoe, which has only one hydraulic cylinder; brakes with two leading shoes have a cylinder for each shoe and are fitted to the front wheels on an all-drum system.

The rotation of the drum tends to pull the leading shoe firmly against it when it makes contact, improving the braking effect.

Some drums have twin leading shoes, each with its own hydraulic cylinder; others have one leading and one trailing shoe - with the pivot at the front.

This design allows the two shoes to be forced apart from each other by a single cylinder with a piston in each end.

It is simpler but less powerful than the two-leading-shoe system, and is usually restricted to rear brakes.

In either type, return springs pull the shoes back a short way when the brakes are released.

Shoe travel is kept as short as possible by an adjuster. Older systems have manual adjusters that need to be turned from time to time as the friction linings wear. Later brakes haveautomatic adjustment by means of a ratchet.

Drum brakes may fade if they are applied repeatedly within a short time - they heat up and lose their efficiency until they cool down again. Discs, with their more open construction, are much less prone to fading.

The handbrake

Apart from the hydraulic braking system, all cars have a mechanical handbrake acting on two wheels - usually the rear ones.

The handbrake gives limited braking if the hydraulic system fails completely, but its main purpose is as a parking brake.

The handbrake lever pulls a cable or pair of cables linked to the brakes by a set of smaller levers, pulleys and guides whose details vary greatly from car to car.

A ratchet on the handbrake lever keeps the brake on once it is applied. A push button disengages the ratchet and frees the lever.

On drum brakes, the handbrake system presses the brake linings against the drums.

Disc brakes sometimes have a comparable handbrake arrangement, but because it is difficult to place the linkage on a compact caliper, there may be a completely separate set of handbrake pads for each disc.

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ENGINE

ENGINE-HEART OF CAR
The ENGINE is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the road wheels.

WORKING OF A ENGINE

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CAR HISTORY

First Car Design

An automobile, auto car, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for
 transport passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions
 of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have
 seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed
 principally for the transport of people rather than goods.^[3]

The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile - with the BENZ
 patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Karl Benz. Motorised waggons soon replaced
 animal-drafted carriages, especially after automobiles became affordable for many people when the Ford Model T was introduced in 1908.

The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.^[4]

It was estimated in 2010 that the number of automobiles had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986.^[5] The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially IN china and India..

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